[BBC 영어단어 공부] 6 Minute English; The decline of the apostrophe

[BBC 영어단어 공부] 6 Minute English; The decline of the apostrophe

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6 Minute English는 BBC Learning English 사이트에서 매주 출간하는 무료 영어 교육 콘텐츠이며 오디오 파일과 대본(Script) 파일을 제공합니다.



A retired journalist who founded a campaign to preserve the correct use of the apostrophe in the English language, is giving up his battle. It's because he says "ignorance has won". We discuss what's causing the decline in the use of this punctuation mark and teach you some vocabulary along the way.

영어에 있는 아포스트로피의 올바른 사용법을 보존하기 위해 단체를 설립했던 은퇴한 언론인이 그의 싸움을 포기하려 하고 있습니다. 그는 그 원인을 "무식함의 승리"로 돌렸습니다. 우리는 이 부호의 사용 빈도가 줄어드는 이유를 알아보고 그 과정에서 독자들에게 어휘를 가르쳐 주려고 합니다.

새내기할배 블로그가 제안하는 영어단어 암기법은 기본적으로 문장을 통해 암기하는 것입니다. 그래서 설명하는 모든 단어마다 본문도 함께 제시됩니다. 그러나 새로 나온다고 해서 모든 단어를 무한정 암기할 수는 없습니다. 그래서 암기해야 해야 할 단어와 이해만 하고 넘어갈 단어를 구분하는 지혜가 필요합니다. [BBC Leaning English] 6 Minute English - The decline of the apostrophe에 수록된 영어단어 수는

• 고유명사를 제외하고 총 393개 입니다.
• 이중 OxFord 3000단어와 일치하는 영어단어는 317개로 81%가 해당됩니다.
• 미국의 WordFrequency 사이트에서 조사한 Top 5,000내 포함하는 영어단어는 316개로 80%가 해당됩니다.
• Naver 사전에서 [★★/매우 중요]로 분류된 영어단어는 334개로 85%가 해당됩니다.
• 세개의 기준에 모두 일치하는 영어단어는 모두 297개로 76%의 싱크로율을 보입니다.

이들 기준에 해당되는 영어단어 중 암기해야 할 단어의 수준을 각자 정하고 그 수준의 영어단어가 나오면 문장과 함꼐 암기하는 습관을 들이면 영어단어공부에 큰 성과를 거둘 수 있을 것입니다

본 글은 Word Frequency 기준 2000순위 이하를 제외한 단어만을 수록하고 있습니다.

본 자료는 PDF 파일로 다운 받을 수 있습니다.

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이 블로그에는 [BBC 6분 영어와 관련하여 매주 다음과 같은 글들이 게시 됩니다

• 단어공부(금주 대본에 나온 주요 어휘) 이 글입니다
• 멀티단어(금주 대본에 사용된 구동사 및 영어 숙어 간단 정리) 이 글의 포스팅 시점에는 아직 작성되지 않았습니다.
• 독해공부(대본의 독해 및 문법 강해) 이 글의 포스팅 시점에는 아직 작성되지 않았습니다.
• 문법공부(금주 대본에 나온 문법을 주제별로 정리한 자료) 이 글의 포스팅 시점에는 아직 작성되지 않았습니다.
• 구동사(금주 대본에 사용된 구동사 상세 정리) 이 글의 포스팅 시점에는 아직 작성되지 않았습니다.

accord [동사] [★] [레마] accord
[본문] So people don't know the rules and are too lazy to learn them, according to Edwards.
[영영] If you are accorded a particular kind of treatment, people act towards you or treat you in that way.
[영한] ⒨ ① (권위지위 등을) 부여하다 ② 부합하다
[첫뜻] come into agreement; agree, be in harmony
[활용] accorded, accorded, according, accords
[파생] accordable, accordance, accordant, accorder, accord
[어근] ⑴ ac(ad); to ⑵ cord; 심장
<명사> (기관국가 간의 공식적인) 합의

aggressive [형용사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2538] [★★] [레마] aggress
[본문] They were seen as violent and aggressive, primitive and uncivilized.
[영영] An aggressive person or animal has a quality of anger and determination that makes them ready to attack other people.
[영한] ⒨ ① 공격적인 ② (원하는 바를 이루기 위해) 공격적인[대단히 적극적인]
[파생] aggress, aggression, aggressively, aggressiveness, aggressor, aggressive
[어근] ⑴ ag(ad); to ⑵ gress; to step ⑶ ive; 형용사어미
[유의어] bellicose

annoyed [형용사] [Oxford3000] [★★] [레마] annoy
[본문] Do you get upset, annoyed or angry if you see punctuation being used incorrectly - particularly apostrophes?
[영영] If you are annoyed, you are fairly angry about something. → see also annoy
[영한] ⒨ 짜증이 난, 약이 오른
[어근] ⑴ in; in ⑵ odi; hatred ⑶ ed; 과거분사어미
[유의어] irritated, sore

apostrophe [명사] [★] [레마] apostrophe
[본문] For example, if I see a sign for taxis at a train station and it says taxi - apostrophe - s - aargh!
[영영] An apostrophe is the mark ' when it is written to indicate that one or more letters have been left out of a word, as in `isn't' and `we'll'. It is also added to nouns to form possessives, as in `Mike's car'.
[영한] ⒨ ① (생략된 글자나 숫자를 대신하는) 아포스트로피(she is를 대신하는 she''s, 1963년을 대신하는 ''63 등에 쓰인 '' 부호) ② (소유격을 나타내는) 아포스트로피(Sam''s watch, the horses'' tails 등에 쓰인 '' 부호) ③ (글자나 숫자의 복수를 나타내는) 아포스트로피(How many 3''s are there in 9/, There are two m''s in comma. 등에 쓰인 '' 부호)
[첫뜻] ① mark indicating an omitted letter ② a turning aside of an orator in the course of a speech to address briefly some individual
[활용] 복수형; apostrophes
[어근] ⑴ apo; off, away from ⑵ strophe(streph); turn

Arabic [형용사] [★] [레마] Arab
[본문] A: Latin B: Greek C: Arabic
[영영] Something that is Arabic belongs or relates to the language, writing, or culture of the Arabs.
[영한] ⒨ 아랍어[문학]의
[첫뜻] belonging to Arabia
[어근] ⑴ arab; Arab, 아랍 ⑵ ic; …의, 와 같은(것)
<명사> 아랍어

barbarian [명사] [★] [레마] barbarian
[본문] barbarian is a historical word for people who weren't part of so-called civilized society.
[영영] In former times, barbarians were people from other countries who were thought to be uncivilized and violent.
[영한] ⒨ ① (과거 유럽에서) 이방인[미개인] ② 야만인, 교양 없는 사람
[첫뜻] a non-Roman or non-Greek
[활용] 복수형; barbarians
[파생] barbarianism, barbaric, barbarism, barbarity, barbarous, barbarian
[어원] barbaroi(Greek), all that are not Greek
<형용사> ① 미개인의, 야만스러운, 교양 없는 ② 이방의

boil [명사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 4300] [★★] [레마] boil
[본문] So that does kind of make my blood boil.
[영영] A boil is a red, painful swelling on your skin, which contains a thick yellow liquid called pus.
[영한] ⒨ ① (액체가) 끓음, 비등 ② (화농한) 종기
[첫뜻] hard tumor
[활용] 복수형; boils
[파생] boilable, boil
[어근] boil(bull); to bubble
<동사> ① (물이나 액체가[를]) 끓다[끓이다] ② (냄비 등의 내용물이[을]) 끓다[끓이다] ③ 삶다, 데치다

bother [동사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2209] [★★] [레마] bother
[본문] They're too ignorant to know where it goes, they're too lazy to learn so they just don't bother.
[영영] If you do not bother to do something or if you do not bother with it, you do not do it, consider it, or use it because you think it is unnecessary or because you are too lazy.
[영한] ⒨ ① 신경 쓰다, 애를 쓰다 ② 신경 쓰이게 하다, 괴롭히다 ③ 귀찮게 하다, 귀찮게 말을 걸다
[첫뜻] to bewilder, confuse
[활용] bothered, bothered, bothering, bothers
[어원] pother(Anglo-Irish), confuse with noise
[유의어] trouble(귀찮게 하다), annoy(귀찮게 하다)
<명사> ① 성가심 ② 성가신 일[사람] <감탄사> 귀찮다

chill [동사] [Ranking; 4671] [★★] [레마] chill
[본문] Usually I'm pretty chilled out about it, but sometimes, just sometimes it really winds me up.
[영영] When you chill something or when it chills, you lower its temperature so that it becomes colder but does not freeze.
[영한] ⒨ ① 아주 춥게 만들다 ② (음식을[이]) 차게 식히다[식다] ③ (문예체) 오싹하게 만들다 ④ 느긋한 시간을 보내다
[첫뜻] to feel cold, grow cold
[활용] chilled, chilled, chilling, chills
[파생] chilling, chillingly, chillness, chilly, chill
[어원] ciele(Old English), cold, coolness, chill, frost, sensation of suffering from cold, sensation of cold experienced in illness
<명사> ① 냉기, 한기 ② 오한 ③ 오싹한 느낌 <형용사> (특히 날씨나 바람이) 쌀쌀한

civilized [형용사] [★] [레마] civil
[본문] Barbarian is a historical word for people who weren't part of so-called civilized society.
[영영] If you describe a society as civilized, you mean that it is advanced and has sensible laws and customs.
[영한] ⒨ ① (문화/생활양식 등이) 문명화된 ② (법률/관습 등이) 개화된[문명화된] ③ 교양 있는, 고상한 ④ (생활 방식이) 안락한[멋진]
[어근] ⑴ civil; 시민 ⑵ ize; 동사어미 ⑶ d(ed); 과거분사어미
[반의어] uncivilized

compliment [명사] [★] [레마] comply
[본문] So it's not a compliment then?
[영영] A compliment is a polite remark that you say to someone to show that you like their appearance, appreciate their qualities, or approve of what they have done.
[영한] ⒨ ① 칭찬(의 말), 찬사 ② (특히 칭찬이나 존경을 나타내는 인사말 등에 쓰임)
[첫뜻] act or expression of civility, respect, or regard
[활용] 복수형; compliments
[파생] compliment, complimentable, complimentarily, complimentary
[어근] ⑴ com; intensive ⑵ ple(plet); to fill ⑶ ment; 명사어미
<동사> 칭찬하다

confusion [명사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 3362] [★★] [레마] confuse
[본문] There would be very little confusion.
[영영] If there is confusion about something, it is not clear what the true situation is, especially because people believe different things.
[영한] ⒨ ① (정신 상태의) 혼란 ② 혼동 ③ 당혹 ④ 혼란(스러운 상황)
[첫뜻] overthrow, ruin
[활용] 복수형; confusions
[파생] confusability, confusable, confusion, confuse
[어근] ⑴ con(com); together ⑵ fus; to pour ⑶ ion(ation); 명사어미

CV [명사] [레마] CV
[본문] Another important thing to remember is that in CVs and job applications a good standard of spelling and punctuation is expected.
[영영] Your CV is a brief written account of your personal details, your education, and the jobs you have had. You can send a CV when you are applying for a job. CV is an abbreviation for 'curriculum vitae'. in AM, use resume
[영한] ⒨ 이력서
[활용] 복수형; CVs
[유의어] curriculum vitae(이력서)

endangered [형용사] [레마] danger
[본문] They linger above our letters, they wander around the endings of our words, but apostrophes, it seems, are an endangered species.
[영영] in danger: used esp of animals in danger of extinction
[영한] ⒨ 멸종 위기에 처한
[어근] ⑴ en; ~하기하다(동사 접두사) ⑵ danger(domin); lord, master ⑶ ed; 과거분사어미

ending [명사] [Oxford3000] [★★] [레마] end
[본문] They linger above our letters, they wander around the endings of our words, but apostrophes, it seems, are an endangered species.
[활용] 복수형; endings
[어근] ⑴ end ⑵ ing; 현재분사어미
[반의어] opening(결말), opening(시작 부분)

Greek [명사] [Ranking; 4104] [★★]
[본문] A: Latin B: Greek C: Arabic
[영한] ⒨ ① 그리스인 ② 그리스어 ③ (대학의) 학생 클럽 회원
[활용] 복수형; Greeks
[파생] Greece, Greekness, Greek

guarantee [동사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2798] [★★] [레마] guarantee
[본문] When something is up in the air, it means its future is not certain, it's not guaranteed.
[영영] If one thing guarantees another, the first is certain to cause the second thing to happen.
[영한] ⒨ ① (어떤 일을 하거나 있도록 할 것임을) 보장[약속]하다 ② (제품에 대해) 품질 보증을 하다 ③ (어떤 일의 발생을) 확실하게 하다[보장하다] ④ (어떤 일이 있을 것임을) 확신하다 ⑤ 보증을 서다, 보증하다
[활용] guaranteed, guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
[어원] garant(French), warrant that the title to a property is true
[유의어] assure(보장하다), guaranty
<명사> ① 굳은 약속, 확약 ② (제품의) 품질 보증서 ③ 보장(하는 것)

Ignorance [명사] [★] [레마] ignore
[본문] I think it's a mixture of Ignorance and laziness.
[영영] Ignorance of something is lack of knowledge about it.
[영한] ⒨ 무지, 무식
[활용] uncountable noun
[파생] ignorable, Ignorance, ignorant, ignore, ignorer
[어근] ⑴ ig(in); not ⑵ gnore(gno); aware, acquainted with ⑶ ance(ante); 명사어미

ignorant [형용사] [★] [레마] ignore
[본문] They're too ignorant to know where it goes, they're too lazy to learn so they just don't bother.
[영영] If you describe someone as ignorant, you mean that they do not know things they should know. If someone is ignorant of a fact, they do not know it.
[영한] ⒨ ① 무지한, 무식한, 무학의 ② 무지막지한
[파생] ignorable, Ignorance, ignorant, ignore, ignorer
[어근] ⑴ ig(in); not, opposite of ⑵ gnor(gno); aware, acquainted with ⑶ ant; 형용사어미
[유의어] uncouth(무지막지하다)

incorrect [형용사] [★] [레마] correct
[본문] They have publicly pointed out incorrect use in public signs and communications - a tactic that has not always been welcome or successful.
[영영] Something that is incorrect is wrong and untrue.
[영한] ⒨ ① 부정확한, 맞지 않는, 사실이 아닌 ② (규범/규칙에) 맞지 않는
[파생] incorrectly, incorrectness, incorrect
[어근] ⑴ in(en) ⑵ cor(com); together ⑶ rect; to lead straight, di
[반의어] correct, correct(맞다)

incorrectly [부사] [레마] correct
[본문] Do you get upset, annoyed or angry if you see punctuation being used incorrectly - particularly apostrophes?
[영한] ⒨ 부정확하게
[파생] incorrectly, incorrectness, incorrect
[어근] ⑴ in; not ⑵ cor(com); together ⑶ rect; to lead straight, direct ⑷ ly; 부사어미

intention [명사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2540] [★★] [레마] intend
[본문] To wander is to walk around without a real purpose or intention to get somewhere quickly.
[영영] An intention is an idea or plan of what you are going to do.
[영한] ⒨ 의사, 의도, 목적
[첫뜻] purpose, design, aim or object; will, wish, desire, that which is intended
[활용] 복수형; intentions
[파생] intend, intender, intent, intention, intentional
[어근] ⑴ in; in, at ⑵ tent(tend); stretch ⑶ ion(ation); 명사어미
[유의어] intent(의도)

laziness [명사] [레마] laziness
[본문] I think it's a mixture of ignorance and laziness.
[영한] ⒨ 게으름, 나태함, 느릿느릿함.
[파생] lazily, laziness, lazy
[어근] ⑴ lazi(lazy); 게으른 ⑵ ness; 명사어미

lazy [형용사] [Oxford3000] [★★] [레마] lazy
[본문] They're too ignorant to know where it goes, they're too lazy to learn so they just don't bother.
[영영] If someone is lazy, they do not want to work or make any effort to do anything.
[영한] ⒨ ① 게으른 ② 느긋한, 여유로운 ③ 성의가 부족해 보이는, 태만한 ④ (문예체) 느릿느릿 움직이는
[첫뜻] averse to labor, action, or effort
[활용] 비교; lazy < lazier < laziest
[파생] lazily, laziness, lazy
[어원] lasich(German), languid, idle
[유의어] idle, torpid

linger [동사] [★] [레마] linger
[본문] They linger above our letters, they wander around the endings of our words, but apostrophes, it seems, are an endangered species.
[영영] When something such as an idea, feeling, or illness lingers, it continues to exist for a long time, often much longer than expected.
[영한] ⒨ ① (예상보다 오래) 남다[계속되다] ② (자리를 떠나고 싶지 않아서) 더 오래 머물다, (…을 하면서) 오랜 시간을 보내다 ③ (시선/생각이) (~에) 오래 머물다 ④ (시름시름 하면서 죽지는 않고) 버티다[목숨을 부지하다]
[첫뜻] reside, dwell
[활용] lingered, lingered, lingering, lingers
[파생] lingerer, lingering, lingeringly, linger
[어원] langaz-(Proto-Germanic), long

metaphorical [형용사] [레마] metaphor
[본문] Using metaphorical, poetic language, he says they linger above our letters.
[영영] You use the word metaphorical to indicate that you are not using words with their ordinary meaning, but are describing something by means of an image or symbol.
[영한] ⒨ 은유[비유]의, 은유[비유]를 쓴
[파생] metaphor, metaphoric, metaphorical, metaphorically, metaphoricalness
[어근] ⑴ meta; above ⑵ phor(phore); bear, carry ⑶ ic; 형용사어미 ⑷ al; 형용사어미
[유의어] metaphoric(은유이다)

misuse [동사] [★] [레마] misuse
[본문] The apostrophe, it is true to say, is often misused.
[영영] If someone misuses something, they use it incorrectly, carelessly, or dishonestly.
[영한] ⒨ ① 남용[오용/악용]하다 ② (사람을) 학대하다
[활용] misused, misused, misusing, misuses
[파생] misusage, misuse
[어근] ⑴ mis; 잘못 ⑵ use; 사용
[유의어] abuse, ill-treat
<명사> 남용, 오용, 악용

mixture [명사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2433] [★★] [레마] mixture
[본문] I think it's a mixture of ignorance and laziness.
[영영] A mixture of things consists of several different things together.
[영한] ⒨ ① (서로 다른 것들이 섞인) 혼합물[혼합체] ② (여러 재료를 섞어서 만든) 혼합 재료 ③ 혼합 ④ 섞기, 혼합하기
[첫뜻] that which results from mixing
[활용] 복수형; mixtures
[어근] ⑴ mixt(misc); mix ⑵ ure; 명사어미

partly [부사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2847] [★★] [레마] part
[본문] partly because of his age, but also because he thinks that due to the impact of texting and social media he has lost the battle against bad punctuation.
[영영] You use partly to indicate that something happens or exists to some extent, but not completely.
[영한] ⒨ 부분적으로, 어느 정도
[파생] partial, partly, part
[어근] ⑴ part; 나누다 ⑵ ly; 부사/형용사 어미

pedant [명사] [레마] pedant
[본문] Are you a punctuation pedant?
[영영] If you say that someone is a pedant, you mean that they are too concerned with unimportant details or traditional rules, especially in connection with academic subjects.
[영한] ⒨ (특히 무엇을 배우거나 가르칠 때) 지나치게 규칙을 찾는[세세한 것에 얽매이는] 사람
[첫뜻] schoolmaster
[어근] ⑴ ped(paed); 아이 ⑵ agog; 지도차

plural [명사] [★] [레마] plural
[본문] Sometimes it can be very important to make clear if it's a singular or plural or possessive.
[영영] The plural of a noun is the form of it that is used to refer to more than one person or thing.
[영한] ⒨ (문법) 복수형
[파생] plurality, pluralize, plurally, plural
[어근] plural(plu); more
<형용사> ① (문법) 복수형의 ② 복수의, 다원적인

poetic [형용사] [★] [레마] poet
[본문] Using metaphorical, poetic language, he says they linger above our letters.
[영영] Something that is poetic is very beautiful and expresses emotions in a sensitive or moving way.
[영한] ⒨ ① 시의 ② (호감) 시적인
[파생] poem, poet, poetic, poetical, poetically, poeticize, poetize, poetry
[어근] ⑴ poet(poie); make, create ⑵ ic; 형용사어미
[유의어] lyrical

possessive [형용사] [★] [레마] possess
[본문] The apostrophe is not used to show there is more than one, it's used to show there is a missing letter or that the word is a possessive - it's just wrong!
[영영] Someone who is possessive about another person wants all that person's love and attention.
[영한] ⒨ ① 소유욕이 강한 ② 독점욕이 강한 ③ (문법) 소유의, 소유를 나타내는
[파생] possess, possession, possessionless, possessive, possessively, possessiveness, Possessor
[어근] ⑴ pos(pot); 강력 ⑵ sess(side); 앉다 ⑶ ive; 형용사어미
<명사> ① 소유 형용사[대명사], (단어의) 소유형 ② 소유격

primitive [명사] [★] [레마] prime
[본문] They were seen as violent and aggressive, primitive and uncivilized.
[영한] ⒨ ① 프리미티브, 프리미티프(르네상스 이전 시기의 화가작품) ② 프리미티브 아트(어린 아이가 그린 그림처럼 아주 소박한 그림을 그리는 화가. 그런 작품)
[파생] primitively, primitiveness, primitive
[어근] ⑴ primit(prime); first ⑵ ive; 형용사어미
<형용사> ① (산업화되기 이전의) 원시 사회의 ② (인간동물 발달) 초기의, 원시적인 단계의 ③ (물건 따위가 덜 발달하고 불편하여) 원시적인

punctuation [명사] [★] [레마] punctuate
[본문] Are you a punctuation pedant?
[영영] Punctuation is the use of symbols such as full stops or periods, commas, or question marks to divide written words into sentences and clauses.
[영한] ⒨ 구두점(들), 구두법
[첫뜻] pointing of the psalms
[활용] uncountable noun
[파생] punctuate, punctuative, punctuator, punctuation
[어근] ⑴ punctu(punct); 찌르다 ⑵ at(ate); 동사어미 ⑶ ion(ation); 명사어미

singular [형용사] [★] [레마] singular
[본문] Sometimes it can be very important to make clear if it's a singular or plural or possessive.
[영영] The singular form of a word is the form that is used when referring to one person or thing.
[영한] ⒨ ① (문법) 단수형의 ② 뛰어난, 두드러진 ③ (문예체) 특이한, 이상한
[첫뜻] alone, apart; being a unit; special, unsurpassed,
[파생] single, singleness, singly, singular, singularity, singularly, singularness
[어근] ⑴ singul; one each ⑵ ar; 하는 것(명사어미)
[유의어] outstanding, eccentric
<명사> (문법) (명사동사의) 단수형

so-called [형용사] [Ranking; 2407] [★★]
[본문] Barbarian is a historical word for people who weren't part of so-called civilized society.
[구성단어] so + called

speaker [명사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2558] [★★] [레마] speak
[본문] A pedant will correct native speakers' mistakes too, and (he will) not (correct it) in the classroom.
[영영] A speaker at a meeting, conference, or other gathering is a person who is making a speech or giving a talk.
[영한] ⒨ ① 연사, 연설가, 발표자 ② 말[이야기]하는 사람 ③ (특정한 언어) 사용자[화자] ④ (의회의) 의장 ⑤ (라디오 등의) 스피커
[활용] 복수형; speakers
[파생] speak, speakable, speakership, speech, speaker
[어근] ⑴ speak; speak ⑵ er; ~하는 사람(명사어미)

spelling [명사] [Oxford3000] [★★] [레마] spell
[본문] Another important thing to remember is that in CVs and job applications a good standard of spelling and punctuation is expected.
[영영] A spelling is the correct order of the letters in a word.
[영한] ⒨ ① 철자법, 맞춤법 ② 철자
[활용] 복수형; spellings
[어근] ⑴ spell; spell ⑵ ing; 연재분사어미

tactic [명사] [Ranking; 3316] [★★] [레마] tactic
[본문] They have publicly pointed out incorrect use in public signs and communications - a tactic that has not always been welcome or successful.
[영영] Tactics are the methods that you choose to use in order to achieve what you want in a particular situation.
[영한] ⒨ ① (어떤 일을 달성하기 위한) 전략[작전] ② 전술
[활용] 복수형; tactics
[어원] tassein(Greek), fix; arrange
<형용사> ① 배열[순서]의. ② (화학) 중합체의 구성 단위가 규칙적으로 늘어선. ③ 전술적인.

taxi [명사] [Oxford3000] [★★] [레마] taxi
[본문] For example, if I see a sign for taxis at a train station and it says taxi - apostrophe - s - aargh!
[영영] A taxi is a car driven by a person whose job is to take people where they want to go in return for money.
[영한] ⒨ ① 택시 ② (아프리카 일부 지역에서) 소형 노선버스
[첫뜻] automatic meter to record the distance and fare
[활용] 복수형; taxis taxies
[어원] taxa(Latin), tax, charge
<동사> (비행기가) (이륙 직전착륙 직후에) 천천히 달리다[이동하다]

texting [명사] [레마] text
[본문] Partly because of his age, but also because he thinks that due to the impact of texting and social media he has lost the battle against bad punctuation.
[영영] Texting is the same as text messaging.
[영한] ⒨ 휴대 전화를 이용한 문자 메시지 주고받기
[활용] uncountable noun
[어근] ⑴ text(tex); weave ⑵ ing; 현재분사 어미

toss-up [명사] [레마] toss-up
[본문] I don't think it's Arabic, so it's a toss-up between Latin and Greek.
[영영] If you say that it is a toss-up whether one thing will happen or another thing will happen, you mean that either result seems equally likely.
[영한] ⒨ ① (일/승부를 가리는) 동전 던지기. ② 반반의 가능성.
[파생] tosser, toss-up, toss
[구성단어] toss + up

uncivilized [형용사] [레마] civil
[본문] They were seen as violent and aggressive, primitive and uncivilized.
[영영] If you describe someone's behaviour as uncivilized, you find it unacceptable, for example because it is very cruel or very rude.
[영한] ⒨ ① (사람/행동이) 예의 없는, 점잖지 못한 ② (사람들/장소가) 미개한, 야만적인
[파생] uncivilisedly, uncivilisedness, uncivilizedly, uncivilizedness, uncivilized
[어근] ⑴ un; not ⑵ civil; 시민 ⑶ ize; 동사어미 ⑷ d(ed); 과거분사어미
[반의어] civilized

upset [동사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 3417] [★★] [레마] set
[본문] Do you get upset, annoyed or angry if you see punctuation being used incorrectly - particularly apostrophes?
[영영] If something upsets you, it makes you feel worried or unhappy.
[영한] ⒨ ① 속상하게 만들다[하다] ② (계획상황 등이) 잘못되게[틀어지게] 만들다 ③ 배탈이 나게 하다 ④ (실수로) 넘어뜨리다[뒤엎다]
[활용] upset, upset, upsetting, upsets
[파생] upsettable, upsetter, upsetting, upsettingly, upset
[구성단어] up + set
<명사> ① (예기치 않은) 혼란 상황[문제/곤경] ② (경기대회 등에서) 예상 밖의 승리[우승] ③ (배)탈 <형용사> ① 속상한, 마음이 상한 ② 배탈

urgency [명사] [★] [레마] urge
[본문] To wander means to walk slowly around without any real purpose or urgency.
[영한] ⒨ ① 긴급, 화급, 절박, 급박, 위급, 위기 ② 긴급한 일, [의회] 긴급 안건이라는 결의 ③ 역설, 집요
[활용] 복수형; urgencies
[파생] urge, urgency, urgent, urgently
[어근] ⑴ urg; to press hard ⑵ ency; ~한 일(명사어미)

violent [형용사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 2178] [★★] [레마] violent
[본문] They were seen as violent and aggressive, primitive and uncivilized.
[영영] If someone is violent, or if they do something which is violent, they use physical force or weapons to hurt, injure, or kill other people.
[영한] ⒨ ① 폭력적인, 난폭한 ② 격렬한, 맹렬한 ③ 극심한, 지독한, 끔찍한 ④ (색깔이) (극도로) 강렬한
[파생] violence, violently, violent
[어원] violentus(Latin), vehement, violent
[유의어] intense(지독하다), severe(끔찍하다)

wander [동사] [Oxford3000] [Ranking; 3211] [★★] [레마] wander
[본문] They linger above our letters, they wander around the endings of our words, but apostrophes, it seems, are an endangered species.
[영영] If you wander in a place, you walk around there in a casual way, often without intending to go in any particular direction.
[영한] ⒨ ① (이리저리 천천히) 거닐다, 돌아다니다, 헤매다 ② (있어야 할 곳에서) 다른 데로 가다, (일행들로부터) 떨어져 나가다 ③ (사람의 마음생각이) 다른 데로 팔리다[흐르다], 산만해지다 ④ (사람의 시선이) (다른 데로) 쏠리다[팔리다] ⑤ (도로강이) 굽이지다
[활용] wandered, wandered, wandering, wanders
[파생] wanderer, wandering, wanderingly, wander
[어원] wandrian(Old English), move about aimlessly, wander
[유의어] drift, stray
<명사> (잠깐 동안 이리저리) 거닐기[걷기]

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[BBC 영어 숙어/구동사 어휘] 6 Minute English; The decline of the apostrophe